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Dasgupta, K.; Khadilkar, A.S.; Sulpice, R.; Pant, B.; Scheible, W.-R.; Fisahn, J.; Stitt, M.; Ayre, B.G. Expression of sucrose transporter cDNAs speciically in companion cells enhances phloem loading and long-distance transport of sucrose but leads to an inhibition of growth and the perception of a phosphate limitation. Plant Physiol. 2014, 165, 715–731. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed][ Green Version]
To determine whether exposure to volatiles from goldenrod induced defense responses, two sets of 30 soybean seedlings (~20-cm high) were placed in acrylic cages (60 × 60 × 60 cm). In one cage there was a mesh bag containing cut goldenrod (300 g) hung from the ceiling, while in the other the bag was empty. After 4 days, we moved the plants into a climate-controlled room [25 °C ± 3 °C, under a 16 h L (100 μmol photons m −2 s −1):8 h D photoperiod) without goldenrod volatiles for 2 days. Then, each plant was infested with a second instar S. litura larva of known weight. Seven days later we compared the weight gain of larvae fed on exposed and control plants. We conducted similar experiments using a synthetic volatile blend as an odor source. The synthetic compounds in pure form (α-pinene, β-myrcene, and limonene) (Wako Chemicals Co. Ltd., Osaka, Japan) were dissolved in triethyl citrate (TEC). Using a gas chromatography analysis, the ratios of the compounds in the synthetic odor mixtures were tuned to those from an artificially damaged goldenrod plant. The synthetic mixture of pure α-pinene, β-myrcene, and limonene was achieved with a ratio of 20:1:1, respectively. use the cards as a talking point at circle time or around the campfire. Invite your children to take a look at the cards and talk about how trees have leaves and seeds. Do they know what seeds are? Do they recognise any of the leaf shapes or the seeds? Do they know the names of any types of tree? Durand, M.; Porcheron, B.; Hennion, N.; Maurousset, L.; Lemoine, R.; Pourtau, N. Water deficit enhances C export to the roots in Arabidopsis thaliana plants with contribution of sucrose transporters in both shoot and roots. Plant Physiol. 2016, 170, 1460–1479. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef][ Green Version] Ruan, Y.L. Sucrose metabolism: Gateway to diverse carbon use and sugar signaling. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 2014, 65, 33–67. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed]The term cotyledon was coined by Marcello Malpighi (1628–1694). [a] John Ray was the first botanist to recognize that some plants have two and others only one, and eventually the first to recognize the immense importance of this fact to systematics, in Methodus plantarum (1682). [3] [11] Results for the total phenol, flavonoid, and carbohydrate content of p. uilis leaf, and seed, extracted in different solvents. 3.4. Determination of Total Flavonoid Content A yellow poplar will always look like a yellow poplar in a very general sense. However, a young tree may look entirely different from the parent tree. A forest-grown tree may grow tall and slender while his field-grown cousin develops a maximum crown in the open sun. My gardening passions are for wildlife, herbaceous perennials and an organic approach to every aspect of plant care. Alongside gaining practical experience I have also studied and passed multiple RHS and other gardening qualifications.
Autumn is the best season in the forest school year, right? Try these forest school activities with your children: Sperdouli, I.; Moustakas, M. Interaction of proline, sugars, and anthocyanins during photosynthetic acclimation of Arabidopsis thaliana to drought stress. J. Plant Physiol. 2012, 169, 577–585. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Samarah, N.; Alqudah, A.; Amayreh, J.; McAndrews, G. The effect of late-terminal drought stress on yield components of four barley cultivars. J. Agron. Crop Sci. 2009, 195, 427–441. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Gottwald, J.R.; Krysan, P.J.; Young, J.C.; Evert, R.F.; Sussman, M.R. Genetic evidence for the in planta role of phloem-specific plasma membrane sucrose transporters. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2000, 97, 13979–13984. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef][ Green Version]Naoumkina, M. et al. Different mechanisms for phytoalexin induction by pathogen and wound signals in Medicago truncatula . Proc. Nat. Acad. Sc. USA 104, 17909–17915 (2007). The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funding agents only provided the financial support but did not participate in the design and implementation of the experiments, analysis of data, and in the writing of the manuscript. Abbreviations SPS Arimura, G., Matsui, K. & Takabayashi, J. Chemical and molecular ecology of herbivore-induced plant volatiles: Proximate factors and their ultimate functions. Plant Cell Physiol. 50, 911–923 (2009). All data on seed numbers, as well as volatile compound and isoflavone levels, was Box-Cox transformed using JMP before statistical analyses. The amounts of α-pinene, sabinene, β-pinene and γ-terpinene showed normal distributions, and the fitting of the normal distribution was reduced when they were Box-Cox transformed. Thus, the amounts of these compounds were not Box-Cox transformed. All of the data on seed numbers and volatile compound levels were positively adjust by 0.5 before being Box-Cox transformed to avoid having values of 0. Liquid chromatography–photodiode array (PDA)/MS/MS analysis of isoflavones in soybean seeds
Bihmidine, S.; Hunter, C.T., III; Johns, C.E.; Koch, K.E.; Braun, D.M. Regulation of assimilate import into sink organs: Update on molecular drivers of sink strength. Front. Plant Sci. 2013, 4, 177. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef][ Green Version] RHS Level Two Certificate in the Principles of Garden Planning, Establishment and Maintenance (2014) Cséke, C.; Buchanan, B.B. Regulation of the formation and utilization of photosynthate in leaves. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1986, 853, 43–63. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Hypogeal plants have (on average) significantly larger seeds than epigeal ones. They are also capable of surviving if the seedling is clipped off, as meristem buds remain underground (with epigeal plants, the meristem is clipped off if the seedling is grazed). The tradeoff is whether the plant should produce a large number of small seeds, or a smaller number of seeds which are more likely to survive. [4] [5]Artigot, M.-P., Daydé, J. & Berger, M. Expression of key genes of the isoflavonoid pathway in hypocotyls and cotyledons during soybean seed maturation. Crop Sci. 53, 1096–1108 (2013). Gymnosperm seedlings also have cotyledons. Gnetophytes, cycads, and ginkgos all have 2, whereas in conifers they are often variable in number (multicotyledonous), with 2–24 cotyledons forming a whorl at the top of the hypocotyl (the embryonic stem) surrounding the plumule. Within each species, there is often still some variation in cotyledon numbers, e.g. Monterey pine ( Pinus radiata) seedlings have 5–9, and Jeffrey pine ( Pinus jeffreyi) 7–13 (Mirov 1967), but other species are more fixed, with e.g. Mediterranean cypress always having just two cotyledons. The highest number reported is for big-cone pinyon ( Pinus maximartinezii), with 24 (Farjon & Styles 1997). Ruan, Y.L.; Jin, Y.; Yang, Y.J.; Li, G.J.; Boyer, J.S. Sugar input, metabolism, and signaling mediated by invertase: Roles in development, yield potential, and response to drought and heat. Mol. Plant 2010, 3, 942–955. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed]
Studies have demonstrated that most phytochemicals act by interfering with several cell-signaling pathways and lead to cell cycle arrest and/or differentiation induction, apart from their apoptosis-inducing potential. 8 Apoptosis is a central event essential in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis for all organ systems in the human body. 9 Suppression of apoptosis in carcinogenesis plays a central role in the development and progression of cancer. Tumor cells use a variety of molecular mechanisms to suppress apoptosis. 10 Hence, induction of apoptosis in tumor cells is a specific therapeutic approach towards cancer chemotherapy. The most effective extracts on cytotoxicity of K-562 cell lines were A. absinthium leaf (86%) and A. retrosa leaf (28%). In addition, the highest cytotoxicity (78%) for A-549 cells was obtained from P. major seed extract ( Figure 1h). Among the other plant extracts, P. major seed was the best extract for selective cytotoxicity on A-549 cancer cell lines because it did not cause cytotoxicity on the normal Beas-2B cell line.
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Artemisia species belong to the Asteraceae family and are widely distributed in Asia, Europe, and North America. Medicinal values of Artemisia species have been approved throughout the world. Pharmacologic studies of Artemisia annula indicated the presence of novel biologically active compounds such as monoterpenes, sequterpenes, lactones, flavonoids, and coumarins. 11 The extracts of some Artemisia species have been reported to exhibit cytotoxic effects on breast cancer cells. 12 Moreover, Plantago species have been used against cancer and Gálvez et al. 13 showed cytotoxic activities of luteolin-7-0-beta-glucoside, a major flavonoid against human renal adenocarcinoma and human melanoma. In contrast to Artemisia and Plantago species, not much information is available for Hyoscyamus niger and Amaranthus retrosa on cytotoxic activities against cancer cells. Karban, R. et al. Communication between plants: induced resistance in wild tobacco plants following clipping of neighboring sagebrush. Oecologia 125, 66–71 (2000).
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